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Abstract The effects of exhaust emissions on public welfare have prompted the US Environmental Protection Agency to take various actions toward understanding, modeling, and reducing air pollution from vehicles. This study was performed to better understand exhaust emissions of heavy-duty diesel-powered tractor-trailer trucks that operate in drayage service, which involves the moving of shipping containers to or from port terminals. The study involved the use of portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) to measure both gaseous and particulate matter (PM) mass emission rates and record various vehicle and engine parameters from the test trucks as they performed their normal drayage service. These measurements were supplemented with port terminal gate entry/exit logs for all drayage trucks entering the two Port of Houston Authority container terminals.

Abstract The increasing use of aluminum alloy extrusion in automotive vehicle chassis as structural members has necessitated the need to investigate their crushing behaviors. This article experimentally examines in detail, for the first time with respect to strength, ductility, and microstructure, AA6063-T7 (overaged) condition and the standard T6 temper and their capacity to meet crashworthiness requirements. Both tempers were assessed based on their mechanical properties (strength, ductility, true stress/strain behavior to necking, plastic anisotropy, strain rate sensitivity, and post-instability ductility to fracture) and microstructure, which were determined using basic tensile testing methods and metallographic approach.

Abstract The objective of this investigation is to study the cyclic deformation behavior of SA333 Gr-6 C-Mn steel at 300°C. Low cycle fatigue tests were carried out at total strain amplitude between ±0.35 and ±1.25% at a constant strain rate of 1 × 10−3 s−1. Ratcheting tests were conducted at a various combination of mean stress and stress amplitude at a constant stress rate of 115 MPa s−1. The material SA333 Gr-6 steel exhibits cyclic hardening throughout its fatigue life. The material shows non-Masing behavior and deviation (δσo ) from Masing behavior increase with an increase of strain amplitude. Ratcheting strain accumulation increases, whereas ratcheting life decreases with an increase in mean stress or stress amplitude. With an increase in mean stress and stress amplitude, ratcheting rate also increases. The material shows hardening characteristic due to dynamic strain aging (DSA) phenomena.

Abstract Recently, automation of driving has become a significant interest of both industry and academia. Researchers are investigating different facets of automated driving systems (ADS) to address legal, technical, and logistical problems, which will make ADS-equipped vehicles (AVs) a reliable option for daily transportation. One of the most significant challenges that must be addressed before the mass production of AVs is the verification and validation (V&V) of safety and performance. A comprehensive V&V methodology is required to achieve assurance that the AV operates safely even in an uncertain traffic environment. The V&V Task Force under the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) Committee intends to develop such a V&V testing methodology. The first step in this process is a literature review of various AV V&V efforts, which is the purpose of this document.

Abstract In modern diesel fuel a proportion of biodiesel is blended with petro-diesel to reduce environmental impacts. However, it can adversely affect the operation of nonwoven coalescing filter media when separating emulsified water from diesel fuel. This can be due to factors such as increasing water content in the fuel, a reduction in interfacial tension (IFT) between the water and diesel, the formation of more stable emulsions, and the generation of smaller water droplets. Standard water/diesel separation test methods such as SAE J1488 and ISO 16332 use monoolein, a universal surface-active agent, to simulate the effects of biodiesel on the fuel properties as part of water separation efficiency studies. However, the extent to which diesel/monoolein and diesel/biodiesel blends are comparable needs to be elucidated if the underlying mechanisms affecting coalescence of very small water droplets in diesel fuel with a low IFT are to be understood.

Abstract Letter from the Special Issue Editors

Abstract Letter from the Guest Editors

Abstract The hybrid/electric vehicle (H/EV) market is very dependent on battery models. Battery models inform cell and battery pack design, critical in online battery management systems (BMSs), and can be used as predictive tools to maximize the lifetime of a battery pack. Battery models require parameterization, through experimentation. Temperature affects every aspect of a battery’s operation and must therefore be closely controlled throughout all battery experiments. Today, the private sector prefers climate chambers for experimental thermal control. However, evidence suggests that climate chambers are unable to adequately control the surface temperature of a battery under test. In this study, laboratory apparatus is introduced that controls the temperature of any exposed surface of a battery through conduction.

Abstract Bio-fuels of the 2nd generation constitute a key approach to tackle both Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and air quality challenges associated with combustion emissions of the transport sector. Since these fuels are obtained of residual materials of the agricultural industry, well-to-tank CO2 emissions can be significantly lowered by a closed-cycle of formation and absorption of CO2. Furthermore, studies of bio-fuels have shown reduced formation of particulate matter on account of the fuels’ high oxygen content therefore addressing air quality issues. However, due to the high oxygen content and other physical parameters these fuels are expected to exhibit different ignition behaviour. Moreover, the question is whether there is a positive superimposition of the fuels ignition behaviour with the benefits of an alternative ignition system, such as a corona ignition.

Abstract This work describes an investigation of measurement techniques for the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) on a 55 cc single-cylinder, 4.4 kW, two-stroke, spark ignition (SI) engine intended for use on Group 1 and Group 2 remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs). Three different sensors were used: two piezoelectric pressure transducers (one flush mount and one measuring spark plug) for measuring in-cylinder pressure and one capacitive sensor for determining the top dead center (TDC) position of the piston. The effort consisted of three objectives: to investigate the merits of a flush mount pressure transducer compared to a pressure transducer integrated into the spark plug, to perform a parametric analysis to characterize the effect of the variability in the engine test bench controls on the IMEP, and to determine the thermodynamic loss angle for the engine.

Abstract Demand-Driven Material Requirements Planning (DDMRP) is regarded as a potential method of material management to provide planning and execution performance improvements in variable environments. However, Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution that allows creating a smart manufacturing system by using the new technologies of communication, automation, and digitalization. DDMRP and Industry 4.0 are crucial as new technologies are introduced to companies to improve their performance. Nevertheless, there is an absence of reviews showing the relationships between DDMRP and Industry 4.0. A literature review is used to identify the key constructs of DDMRP and Industry 4.0, and the relationships postulated between them are presented. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between DDMRP and Industry 4.0. The result of this article was a model for integrating the DDMPRP and Industry 4.0 proposed upon a robust theoretical method.

Abstract Gasoline fuel lubricity is key to reducing wear and energy losses from friction in engines. The High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) test protocol recommended for gasoline fuels has been modified to evaluate the wear and friction properties of additized fuels. Adapted from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6079 test for diesel lubricity and literature-based procedures developed for gasoline fuels, the protocol and hardware used in this study allow for differentiation of fuels with unique additive chemistries and varying additive treat rates (EPA-approved lowest additive concentration, LAC, or higher). Supplementing HFRR tests, measurements of acoustic emissions corroborate friction coefficient trends using different additized fuels. Anti-wear performance of fuels during engine tests was characterized by roller-follower pin wear and metal concentration in engine oil, further distinguishing LAC from alternate additized fuels.

Abstract Assessing the functional quality of an engine lubricant through real-time sensing could pave the way for development of comprehensive engine health monitoring systems. In this study, a permittivity-based, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) oil quality sensor was implemented in the lubricant flow of a diesel engine after detailed evaluation on a benchtop test facility. The sensor was mounted on the oil filter housing of the engine in the post-filter oil flow, and its implementation required no modifications to the engine block. Simultaneously, the lubricant flow was visualized by incorporating a novel test cell in the oil flow path. Both the sensor assembly and the flow visualization cell were fully characterized on the benchtop facility prior to implementation on the engine.

Abstract The use of Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) cutting technology can improve the edge stretchability in sheet metal forming. The advances in technology have allowed significant increases in working speeds and pressures, reducing the AWJ operation cost. The main objective of this work was to determine the effect of selected AWJ cutting parameters on the Hole Expansion Ratio (HER) for a DP800 (Dual-Phase) Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS) with s0 = 1.2 mm by using a fractional factorial design of experiments for the Hole Expansion Tests (HET). Additionally, the surface roughness and residual stresses were measured on the holes looking for a possible relation between them and the measured HER. A deep drawing quality steel DC06 with s0 = 1.0 mm was used for reference. The fracture occurrence was captured by high-speed cameras and by Acoustic Emissions (AE) in order to compare both methods.

Abstract Air pollution problems persist in many cities throughout the world despite drastic reductions in regulated emissions of vehicle pollutants when tested on a standardized driving cycle. New vehicle emissions regulations in India require the use of a non road transient cycle (NRTC) to confirm vehicles meet specified emission limits. Previous emission norms were comfortably meeting with the mechanical injection system. But the current stringent emission norms require a common rail direct injection (CRDI) system to meet the lower particulate matter (PM) limits. This article discusses on improving the engine fuel efficiency and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission prediction on a transient cycle using a one-dimensional (1-D) software by coupling Ricardo WAVE and Ricardo Vectis. Engine fuel consumption and emission maps are predicted using Ricardo WAVE. These maps are input into Ricardo IGNITE for predicting cumulative fuel consumption and NOx emission.

Abstract It has been established that automobile in-cabin air quality can be improved by controlling the air recirculation. It has been done since 1989 by closing and opening the flap at the right times to keep high pollution out of the cabin. This study evaluates in-cabin pollution reduction using flap open/close strategies based on real-time air quality map information received by the vehicle. Traffic pollution data was collected from vehicles with on-board air quality sensors driven for months within a city. This data was used to create high-resolution pollution maps. Using these maps, a flap open/close algorithm was designed and applied to a set of recorded trips. The amount of pollution entering the vehicle cabin was then calculated and compared, with and without flap control. Results show that the in-cabin pollution reduction achieved with flap control is significant, even with a limited amount of data collected to create the maps.

Engineering plastics are widely used in many tribological applications due to their inherent advantages such as reduced weight, ease of manufacturing, improved chemical compatibility, and damping characteristics. However, the process of selecting an appropriate polymeric material system for a specific application involves significant experimentation.

Abstract Heavy-duty (HD) engines for sale in the United States must be demonstrated to emit below allowable criteria and particulate emission limits over the operational load and speed cycle specified by the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) Heavy-Duty certification test. The inherently nonlinear load response of internal combustion engines tends to increase torque variability during the most dynamic portions of the test cycle. This clouds assessment of engine developments intended to improve transient performance and leads to frequent invalidation of certification tests. This work sought to develop and evaluate test torque control strategies that reduce this variability. Several load-control algorithms were evaluated for this purpose using a Cummins ISX15 HD diesel engine loaded with a transient alternating current (AC) dynamometer.

Abstract The growing interest from automakers and ride-hailing companies has increased the investment for high automation levels in vehicles. An important challenge in introducing autonomous vehicle (AV) technology to the market is the effort required in the validation. The research shows that AVs have to be test-driven hundreds of millions of miles to demonstrate reliability, which could take hundreds of years. Therefore, the identification of critical test scenarios and reduction of scenario sample space are urgent requirements for providing safe and reliable AVs in a time- and cost-efficient manner. This article proposes an AV test scenario generation system that creates abstract test scenarios using historical fatal accident data. The method processes and prunes the extensive fatal accident data to generate core test scenarios targeting the reasoning systems of AVs.

Abstract The article presents results of tests performed with the use of a ship engine of the type Sulzer 6AL20/24. The goal of the tests was to create and verify an identification procedure for the analyzed object’s reliability states to be used without interfering with the object operation processes. The proposed method is based on an analysis of vibrations and noise generated during the engine operation, which are considered to be the most significant diagnostic signals. The signals of the engine vibrations and noise recorded during the engine operation on a laboratory test stand have been analyzed in the time domain. A number of the recorded signal characteristics are calculated. The characteristics are statistically analyzed in order to choose those which can provide the basis for the identification of reliability states. Next, based on the spaces of ability and inability, states are formulated.